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Noninvasive brain stimulation reduces prejudice scores on an implicit association test.- PubMed - NCBI
From www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Neuropsychology. 2011 Mar;25(2):185-92. doi: 10.1037/a0021102. Gallate J1, Wong C, Ellwood S, Chi R, Snyder A. :Inhibiting the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) via repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) appears to have deleterious effects on people's semantic conceptualization, and left ATL damage is associated with semantic dementia. However, little research has investigated whether rTMS can inhibit conceptual schemata that have potentially negative consequences. Our aim was to investigate whether rTMS to the ATLs could reduce scores on a standard measure of prejudice (implicit association test, IAT). Forty (17 female; mean age 20.6) neurologically normal, right-handed undergraduates participated. Participants were randomly allocated into one of four rTMS stimulation conditions-left ATL, right ATL, control site (motor cortex, Cz), and sham stimulation. All participants completed a modified IAT, where "good" and "bad" words were replaced with "terrorist" and "law-abider" words, and, "Black" and "White" were replaced with "Arab" and "Non-Arab" words. Participants were then given 15 min of rTMS stimulation. Afterward, participants completed a parallel form of the IAT. RESULTS: To investigate the effects of rTMS on IAT scores, a one-way ANOVA on the difference between pre- and postscores was carried out revealing that there were significant between group differences (F3,36 = 3.57; p = .02). Planned contrasts revealed that both left and right ATL stimulation significantly reduced IAT scores post-stimulation, indicating lower prejudice. CONCLUSION: We show that prejudice scores can be significantly reduced by inhibitory rTMS delivered to the bilateral ATLs. This may implicate this area in conceptual associations that lead to overgeneralization and stereotyping of social groups. Short-Term Compassion Training Increases Prosocial
Behavior in a Newly Developed Prosocial Game Susanne Leiberg, Olga Klimecki, Tania Singer PLoS ONE. March 2011 | Volume 6 | Issue 3 
Self-Categorization With a Novel Mixed-Race Group Moderates Automatic Social and Racial Biases
Jay J. Van Bavel and William A. Cunningham Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2009 35: 321
Alternative mechanisms for regulating racial
responses according to internal vs external cues David M. Amodio, Jennifer T. Kubota, Eddie Harmon-Jones, and Patricia G. Devine SCAN (2006) 1, 26–36
Interpersonal Understanding in Historical Context
Edited by Matthias Martens, Ulrike Hartmann, Michael Sauer (German Institute for International Educational Research, Frankfurt Germany) Sense Publishers, 2009 In the spring of 2008, researchers from the United States and Europe gathered at Göttingen University in Germany for a conference on interpersonal and historical understanding. Two days were filled with papers and discussions about how the fields of social and historical thinking are interrelated with regard to educational issues and challenges. Educational scientists, history educators as well as educational and developmental psychologists exchanged their ideas on history as a school subject and its connections to psychological theories on social cognition and civic engagement.
Willingness to Intervene in Bullying Episodes Among Middle School Students: Individual and Peer-Group Influences. Espelage, D., Green, H., & Polanin, J. (2011). The Journal of Early Adolescence.
Czopp, A. M., & Monteith, M. J. (2003). Confronting prejudice (literally): reactions to confrontations of racial and gender bias. Personality & social psychology bulletin, 29(4), 532–44. doi:10.1177/0146167202250923
Correll, J., Park, B., & Allegra Smith, J. (2008). Colorblind and Multicultural Prejudice Reduction Strategies in High-Conflict Situations. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 11(4), 471–491. doi:10.1177/1368430208095401
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