Understanding and Overcoming Hate
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  • Overview
    • Site Contents
    • About This Site
    • Features
    • Future Developments
    • Index of All Topics
    • Index of All Links
    • Links to all slideshows
  • Understanding Hate
    • Introduction
    • What is Hate? >
      • Hate as an Emotion >
        • Papers: Hate as an Emotion
      • Hate as a Belief >
        • Papers: Hate as Belief
      • Hate as an Act >
        • Papers: Hate as an Act
      • Hate as a Policy >
        • Papers: Hate as Policy
    • The Roots of Hate >
      • Early Imprints >
        • When Needs are Not Met
        • Papers; Not Meeting Needs
      • What Are We Doing To Our Children? >
        • Children in Dire Circumstances
      • Effects of Trauma and Abuse >
        • Papers: Stress Effects
        • Papers: Trauma Abuse Effects
        • Links: Stress, Trauma Research
      • Causes and Effects of Bullying
      • Trauma, bigotry, violence linked
      • Authoritarian Upbringings >
        • Papers: Authoritarian Roots
        • Papers: SDO and Authoritarianism
      • Absolutism and Insularity >
        • Papers: Absolutism
      • Papers: Early Roots of Prejudice
      • Impaired Cognition >
        • Papers: Impaired Cognition
      • The Violent Brain >
        • Papers: Violent Brain
      • Roots of Violence and Cruelty >
        • Chart: Powderkeg Formula
        • Papers: Roots of Violence
        • Articles and Blog Posts
      • Ghosts of the Past >
        • Ripples of revenge
        • Papers: Ghosts of the Past
    • How Hate Manifests >
      • Chart
      • Everyday Hate >
        • Papers: Social Rejection
        • Papers: Bullying
      • Social Injustice and Discrimination >
        • Papers: Discrimination
        • Papers: Inequality
        • Articles: Inequality Effects
        • Articles: Cognitive Exhaustion
        • "White" Privilege
      • Stereotyping and Caricature >
        • Papers: Stereotyping
        • Stereotyping
      • Prejudice, Racism and Bigotry >
        • Articles and Blog Posts
        • Papers: Prejudice Racism
        • Papers: Skin color and face
        • Papers: InGroup Outgroup
        • Papers: Implicit Bias
        • Evolutionary Issues >
          • More blog posts
      • Dehumanizing >
        • Views about the outsider
        • Papers: Dehumanizing
      • Hate Crimes >
        • Papers: Hate Crimes
      • Hate Groups >
        • Links: Hate Groups Research
        • Papers and news: Hate Groups
      • Abuse of Power >
        • Papers: Abuse of Power
        • Evil Men: Tyrants, Dictators
        • Blogs and news
        • Articles: SDO and RWA
      • Xenophobia >
        • Papers: Xenophobia
      • Collective Rage >
        • Papers: Collective Violence
      • Extremism >
        • Papers: Terrorism
        • Papers: Extremism
      • Cruelty on Mass Scale >
        • Links
        • Papers: Cruelty on mass scale
    • Hate in the News >
      • News: Hate in America
      • News: Hate Trends Worldwide
      • Extremism: Current Trends: News
      • Authoritarianism Trends
    • Group Influence >
      • Search for Belonging >
        • Papers: Search for Belonging
      • Social Cognition and Learning >
        • Papers: Fairness
        • Papers: Social Cognition
      • Group Think >
        • Papers: Intergroup Dynamics
        • Papers: Group Think
      • Status and Stigma >
        • Papers: Status and Stigma
      • Conformity >
        • Papers: Conformity
      • Obedience and Compliance >
        • Papers: Obedience
      • Bystander Effect
    • Social Defenses >
      • Papers: Social Defenses
      • System Justification >
        • Papers: System Justification
      • Projection >
        • Papers: Projection
      • Denial >
        • Papers: Denial
        • Examples of Denial
        • Papers: Denialism
      • Attribution and Comparison >
        • Attribution Fallacies
        • Papers: Attribution
      • Cognitive Dissonance >
        • Papers: Cognitive Dissonance
    • Fanning the Flames >
      • Media and Persuasion
      • Papers: Persuasion
      • Papers: Indoctrination
      • Papers: Hate Speech
      • Papers: Attitude change
      • News: Cyberhate
      • Links
      • Media Effects in the News
      • Persuasion: Blog Posts and Articles
    • How We Fool Ourselves >
      • Mechanisms: Cognitive Biases and Heuristics >
        • Papers: Brain Tricks
        • Biases: Blogs and Articles
        • Biases organized
      • On Being Wrong
      • Probability and Decision-Making Biases >
        • Papers and articles
      • Memory Distortions >
        • Papers: Memory illusions
      • Perceptual Illusions >
        • Papers: Perceptual Illusions
        • Illusions: Blog Posts and Articles
      • Self-Deception >
        • Papers: Self-deception
      • Delusion, Confabulation >
        • Papers: Delusions
        • Papers: False Beliefs
      • Conspiracy Theories
      • Papers: Neural mechanisms mystical states
      • Brain and Spirituality: Articles
    • Brain and Belief >
      • What is a Belief? >
        • Papers: Belief Formation
        • Papers: Automaticity
      • Perception and Processing >
        • Papers: Perception
      • Salience and Tagging >
        • Papers: Salience
        • Papers: Essentialism
      • Creating Categories >
        • Papers: Categorizing
      • Cognitive Unconscious
      • Embodied Cognition >
        • Papers: Embodied Cognition
      • Emotion Cognition Interplay >
        • Papers
      • Creating a Story about the World >
        • Papers: Story Creation
      • Investing in Cherished Beliefs >
        • Papers
      • Identifying Self with Belief >
        • Papers
      • Search for Meaning >
        • Papers: Meaning
    • Search for Certainty >
      • Dogmatic Beliefs
      • Belief Perseverance
      • Papers: Feeling of Knowing
      • Papers: Rigid Dogmatic thinking
    • Index: All Biases, Distortions and Influences
  • Overcoming Hate
    • Overview of Topics
    • Introduction
    • Prevention >
      • Meeting Formative Needs of Children >
        • Papers: Child and Brain Development
        • Papers: nurturing, attachment bonding
        • Links: Development
      • Promoting Parental readiness >
        • Papers
        • Links: Helping Parents
      • Supporting Healthy Families >
        • Papers
      • Enhancing Resilience >
        • Papers
      • Cultivating Empathy and Conscience >
        • Roots of Morality
        • Empathic Imagination
        • Mirror Neurons
        • Empathy Programs
        • Links: Empathy
      • All papers: Morality and Empathy >
        • Papers: Roots of Morality and Conscience
        • Papers: Empathy Altruism Compassion
        • Articles, Posts: Empathy
        • Papers: Moral Decision-Making
        • Papers: Moral Cognition
        • Papers: Mirror Neurons
        • Articles: Prosocial Behavior
      • Long-Term Social Investment >
        • Papers
    • Education >
      • Enhancing Emotional and Social Skills >
        • Papers: Emotional Intelligence
        • Papers: Social Cooperation
        • Links: emotional development
      • Building Reflective Minds >
        • Critical Thinking >
          • Papers: Critical Thinking
        • Metacognition >
          • Papers: Metacognition
        • Perceiving Bias >
          • Papers: Perceiving Bias
        • Creative and Lateral Thinking >
          • Papers: Creative Thinking
        • Mindfulness >
          • Papers: Mindfulness
          • Blogs and articles
        • Interoception >
          • Papers: Interoception
        • Fluid and Flexible >
          • Papers: Fluid Intelligence
      • Cross-cultural Awareness >
        • Links: Cross-Cultural
        • Papers: Cultural Neuroscience
        • Articles: Cultural Awareness
      • Media Awareness >
        • Links
        • Papers
      • Teaching an Honest History >
        • Papers
        • Links: Honest History
      • Civic Engagement and Social Responsibility >
        • Papers
      • Ethics Training >
        • Papers
      • Whole Child Learning >
        • Papers
    • Intervention >
      • Social Support and Inclusion >
        • Papers: Social Support
      • Helping Children in Dire Conditions >
        • Papers: Helping children
      • Preventing Violence and Bullying >
        • Anti-bullying programs and resources
        • Helping At-Risk Kids
        • Papers on helping kids
      • Standing Up To Prejudice, Racism, and Bigotry >
        • Papers: Reducing Prejudice
        • Articles: Reducing Prejudice
        • Papers: Stopping hate crimes
        • Papers: Offsetting Extremism
        • Programs and Projects
        • Hatebraker Examples: News
      • Training Our Protectors >
        • Papers: Training Protectors
      • Healing the Hurt >
        • Papers: Healing Hurt
        • Articles and Blog Posts
      • Educating Our Leaders >
        • Papers: Educating Leaders
      • Resolving Conflict >
        • Papers: Resolving Conflict
        • Programs and articles
      • Israel-Palestine >
        • Papers: Israel-Palestine
        • News and blog posts
      • Promoting Dignity >
        • Links: Human Rights
        • Papers: Human Rights
      • Healing the Ghosts of the Past >
        • Papers: Reconciliation
      • Restorative Justice >
        • Papers: Restorative Justice
      • Confronting Mass Atrocities >
        • Papers: Confronting War Crimes
    • Social Advances >
      • Charters and Declarations
      • Slideshow: Social Advances
      • Links: social advances history
      • Timelines: Social Advances
    • More Solutions >
      • Classroom Tools
      • Organizations
      • Programs and Projects
      • Effective Models
  • Resources
    • Academic Papers: Topic Index
    • Background: Sciences Related to Hate >
      • Related Sciences of Hate
      • Social Psychology Subtopics
      • Brain and Life Sciences
      • New Research Tools
      • Links: Brain Mapping
      • Process of Science
      • What is Good Science?
      • Links: Understanding Science
      • Papers: About Good Science
    • Science Links
    • Timelines of Knowledge >
      • Index of all Pioneers
      • Timeline: Early Pioneers
      • Timeline: Group Psychology
      • Timeline: Prejudice
      • Timeline: Persuasion
      • Timeline: Social Psychology Pioneers
      • Timeline: Authoritarianism
      • Timeline: Scientific bias
    • Researchers and Experts >
      • Developmental Foundations
      • Moral Cognition, Empathy
      • Search for Meaning
      • Search for Belonging
      • Search for Certainty
      • Ghosts of the Past
      • Breaking Cycle of Hate: Solutions
    • Other Research and Studies >
      • Syllabi
      • Bibliographies
      • Our Syllabi
    • Recommendations >
      • Books: Topic Overview >
        • Development
        • Empathy, Morality
        • Brain and Belief
        • Tricks of Mind
        • Stress, Trauma, Violence
        • Prejudice, Racism, Stereotyping
        • Overcoming Prejudice, Racism
        • Historical Insight
        • Human Rights Abuses
        • Seminal Works
      • Journals and Magazines
      • Films and Videos
    • Timeline of Hate >
      • Links: Historical Injustice
      • History of Hate in America: articles
      • Index of Historical Injustice
  • Tools
    • Links: Games and Exercises
    • Self-Awareness Tools >
      • What Parents Can do
      • Learning about our Labels
    • Blog

Understanding Hate


What is Hate?

Hate As An Emotion
  • Emotions related to hate: Disgust, envy, fear, distrust, shame, aversion, anger     
Hate As An Act 
Hate As a Belief 

  • Dogmatic Beliefs: “Isms”
Hate As a Policy 
  • Institutional Discrimination

The Roots of Hate

Early Imprints
  • Inadequate nurturing
  • Unhealthy brain wiring
  • Developmental needs not met 
  •  When Needs Are Not Met
Trauma and Abuse Effects
  • Effects of Child Abuse, Maltreatment
  • Effects of Neglect and Deprivation
  • Effects of Early Stress and Trauma
  • Effects of Toxin Exposure
Roots of Extremism
  • Authoritarian Upbringings 
  • Absolutism and Insularity
  • Trauma and Bigotry Linked
  • Roots of Violence and Cruelty
  • Roots of Antisocial Behavior
  • Neurobiology of callousness and conduct disorder
  • Effects of empathy deficits
  • Authoritarianism fascism
  • Marginalization
  • Dehumanization
  • Humiliation and hatred 
  • Fundamentalism
  • Atrocities in war  
  • Roots of terrorism 
  • Revisionism
  • Prejudice racism brain
  • Nationalism national identity
  • Ideological schema
  • Dogmatism rigid thinking
  • Cults indoctrination
  • Cruelty torture
  • “Us and them”—Intergroup judgment
  • Tribalism
  • Xenophobia
  • Eliminationism
Impaired Cognition
  • Obsessive disorders
  • Shadow Syndromes
  • Rigid concrete thinking
Fanning the Flames
  • Indoctrination
  • Hate Speech
  • Media Manipulation
Ghosts of the Past
  • The Ripple Effect
  • Cross-generational prejudice
  • Unresolved injustice
  • Collective shame
Social Neuroscience
  • Fairness
  • Punishment
  • Hierarchy 
  • Status and Stigma 
  • Rejection sensitivity
  • Neural correlates of perceived social status
  • Neural correlates of stigma
  • Comparing social and physical pain

How Hate Manifests

Every-Day Hate
  • Effects of social rejection
  • Peer rejection
  • Stereotyping and Caricature
  • Dehumanizing
  • Marginalizing

Prejudice and Racism
  • Development of Prejudice
  • Roots of Racial Attitudes
  • Social Psychology of Prejudice
  • Neuroscience of Prejudice 
  • Bigotry
  • Face Processing 
  • Ingroup/Outgroup Dynamics
  • Neural correlates of ingroup bias
  • Neurobiology of stereotyping
  • Aversive racism
  • Laissez-faire racism
  • Color-blind racism
  • Calculated racism
  • Unintentional racism
  • Old-fashioned racism
  • Symbolic racism
  • Affective race bias
  • Implicit and explicit racial attitudes
  • Discrimination
  • Xenophobia
  • Hate Groups
  • Hate Crimes
  • Social Injustice
  • Collective Rage
Abuse of Power 
  • Tyrants and Autocrats
  • Authoritarians
  • Social Dominance Orientation
  • Approaches to Punishment
  • Oppression
  • Cruelty on Mass Scale 

Group and Situational Influence
  •  Search for Belonging 
  • Social Cognition and Learning
  • Group Think
  • Ingroup vs Outgroup
  • Group Bias
  • Compliance
  • Obedience
  • Conformity
  • Collusion
  • Diffusion of Responsibility
  • Bystander Effect
  • Bandwagon Effect
  • Status and Stigma
  • Us and Them
Group Think
  • Perceived intergroup competition
  • Social identity theory 
  • Social judgment
  • Group-based social hierarchy
  • Group attribution error 
  • Deindividuation
  • Group polarization 
  • Ingroup bias
  • Outgroup homogeneity bias
  • False consensus effect
  • General Prevalence fallacy
  • Attitude polarization
  • Belief polarization
  • Integrative theory of intergroup conflict
  • Perceived group competition
  • Social comparison
  • Upward social comparison 
  • Downward social comparison
Social Defenses
  • Denial
  • Cognitive Dissonance
  • Rationalization
  • Justification
  • Projection
  • Compartmentalizing
  • Distancing
  • Minimization
  • System Justification
  • Attribution Fallacies
  • Terror Management
  • Defensive attribution hypothesis

Brain and Belief

Underlying Mechanisms
  •  Perception and Processing
  •  Creating Categories 
  •  Creating a Story About the World 
  •  Identifying Self with Belief 
  •  Investing in Cherished Beliefs 
  •  Attributing Worth and Motives 
  •  Search for Meaning 
  •  Search for Certainty

How We Fool Ourselves


Cognitive Biases and Brain Tricks 

Decision-making Biases
  • Anchoring
  • Choice-supportive bias
  • Normalcy bias
  • Outcome bias
  • Pseudocertainty effect
  • Irrational escalation
  • Denomination effect
  • Status quo bias
  • Loss aversion
  • Post-purchase rationalization
  • Endowment effect
  • Unit bias  
Probability biases
  • Gambler's fallacy
  • Frequency illusion
  • Base rate neglect
  • Conjunction fallacy
  • Subadditivity effect
  • Neglect of probability
  • Money illusion
  • Innumeracy
  • Contrast effect  
  • Zero-risk bias
  • Distinction bias
  • Well travelled road effect
Responses to Evidence
  • Confirmation bias
  • Experimenter's bias
  • Observer-expectancy effect
  • Congruence bias  
  • Backfire effect  
  • Semmelweis reflex
  • Forward Bias
Memory Distortions
  • Cryptomnesia 
  • False memory 
  • Hindsight bias
  • Source Confusion 
  • Source amnesia
  • Mood congruent memory bias
  • Self-relevance effect
  • Next-in-line effect
  • Osborn effect
  • Peak-end effect
  • Positivity effect 
  • Processing difficulty effect
  • Reminiscence bump 
  • Rosy retrospection
  • Persistence
  • Childhood amnesia
  • Consistency bias
  • Context effect
  • Fading affect bias
  • Egocentric bias
  • Humor effect
  • Generation effect
  • Suggestibility
  • Tip of the tongue phenomenon
  • Verbatim effect
Memory Errors
  • List-length effect
  • Modality effect
  • Leveling and Sharpening
  • Lag effect
  • Telescoping effect
  • Von Restorff effect
  • Levels-of-processing effect
  • Part-list cueing effect
  • Picture superiority effect
  • Primacy effect
  • Suffix effect
  • Testing effect

Self-Deception
  • Meta-bias
  • Bias blind spot  
  • Dunning–Kruger effect
  • Introspection Illusion
  • Subjective validation
  • Self-serving bias
  • Egocentric bias
  • Overconfidence effect
  • Pessimism bias
  • Wishful thinking
  • Selective perception
  • Belief bias
  • Change bias
  • Hindsight bias
  • Illusion-of-truth effect
  • Choice-supportive bias
  • Impact bias
Attribution and Comparison
  • Actor–observer bias
  • Fundamental attribution error
  • Ultimate attribution error
  • Correspondent inference theory
  • Illusion of superiority
  • Illusion of asymmetric insight
  • Illusion of transparency
  • Social comparison bias  
  • Moral credential effect
  • Forer effect
  • Halo effect
  • Knobe effect
  • Just World Phenomenon
Belief Perseverance
  • Meaning Maintenance 
  • Feeling of knowing
  • Sense of Certainty
  • False Beliefs 
  • Illusion of explanatory depth
  • Motivated Reasoning
  • Motivated Skepticism
  • Prior Attitude Effect
  • Disconfirmation Bias
  • Attitude Polarization
  • Myside Bias
  • Ideo-attribution Effect
  • Persistent Influence of Misinformation
  • Continued Influence Effect
  • Mindset
  • Idée fixe
  • Monomania
  • Einstellung effect
  • Functional fixedness
  • Cognitive Capture
Perceptual Distortions
  • Apophenia
  • Pattern-seeking
  • Clustering illusion
  • Pareidolia
  • Inattentional blindness
  • Persistence of Vision
  • Blindsight
  • Consistency of Self
  • "Out-of-Body" Sensations
  • Sense of Presence
  • Migraine Auras
  • Agnosognosia
  • Depersonalization
  • Synesthesia
Deficits and Confabulation
  • Anosognosia 
  • Anosodiaphoria
  • Blindsight
  • Cotard's Syndrome
  • Capgras Syndrome
Illusions of Will and Agency
  • Illusion of control
  • Reactance
  • Restraint bias

Natural Egocentric Dispositions
  • Righteousness
  • Hypocrisy
  • Myopia
  • Illusion of infallibility
  • Oversimplification
  • Immediacy
  • Absurdity
  • Contradiction
  • Blindness
  • Hedonistic relevance

Overcoming Hate


Prevention

Child and Brain Development
  • Early brain development
  • Stages of emotional-social development
  • Effects of parenting
  • Parenting handbooks
  • Bonding and attachment
  • Meeting the Formative Needs of Children
  • Promoting Parental Readiness
  • Supporting Healthy Families
  • Enhancing Resilience 
  • Long-term Social Investment

Empathy, Compassion and Conscience

  • Roots and Development of empathy
  • Neural Substrates of Empathy
  • Altruism
  • Reciprocity
  • Compassion and Concern
  • Moral Decision-Making
  • Emotional Intelligence
  • Empathic Accuracy
  • Attunement
  • Moral cognition
  • Mirror neurons
  • Spindle cells
  • Generosity
  • Mutualism
  • Fairness
  • Affiliation

Education

Cross-Cultural Awareness
  • Cultural neuroscience
  • Mismeasuring "race"
  • Genotype and phenotype
  • Cross-cultural understanding
Building Reflective Minds
  • Critical, Abstract and Logical Reasoning
  • Creative and Lateral Thinking
  • Metacognition
  • Mindfulness
  • Interoception
  • Perceiving Bias
  • On Being Wrong
  • Teaching an Honest History 

Enhancing Emotional and Social Skills
  • Civic Engagement and Social Responsibility 
  • Ethics Training 
  • Whole Child Learning

Media Awareness

Media and Persuasion
  • Agnotology
  • Framing effect
  • Hostile media effect
  • Hyperbolic discounting
  • Familiarity Backfire Effect
  • Overkill Backfire Effect
  • Worldview Backfire Effect 
  • Discrediting tactics 
  • Door-in-the-Face Technique

Intervention

  • Social Support and Inclusion: Helping the Underserved
  • Educating our Leaders
  • Resolving Conflict and Facilitating Peace
  • Preventing Violence and Bullying: Helping At-Risk Kids
  • Standing up to prejudice, racism and bigotry
  • Training our Protectors
  • Restorative Justice
  • Promoting Dignity: Human rights and Social Justice
  • Confronting War Crimes and Genocide
  • Reconciliation and Forgiveness
  • Helping Children in Dire Conditions
  • Israel-Palestine conflict
  • Freedom and Democracy
  • Healing the Hurt