Understanding Hate

What is Hate?

Hate As An Emotion
Hate As An Act 
Hate As a Belief 
Hate As a Policy 

The Roots of Hate

Early Imprints
Trauma and Abuse Effects
  • Effects of Child Abuse, Maltreatment
  • Effects of Neglect and Deprivation
  • Effects of Early Stress and Trauma
  • Effects of Toxin Exposure
Roots of Extremism
  • Authoritarian Upbringings 
  • Absolutism and Insularity
  • Trauma and Bigotry Linked
  • Roots of Violence and Cruelty
  • Roots of Antisocial Behavior
  • Neurobiology of callousness and conduct disorder
  • Effects of empathy deficits
  • Authoritarianism fascism
  • Marginalization
  • Dehumanization
  • Humiliation and hatred 
  • Fundamentalism
  • Atrocities in war  
  • Roots of terrorism 
  • Revisionism
  • Prejudice racism brain
  • Nationalism national identity
  • Ideological schema
  • Dogmatism rigid thinking
  • Cults indoctrination
  • Cruelty torture
  • “Us and them”—Intergroup judgment
  • Tribalism
  • Xenophobia
  • Eliminationism
Impaired Cognition
  • Obsessive disorders
  • Shadow Syndromes
  • Rigid concrete thinking
Fanning the Flames
  • Indoctrination
  • Hate Speech
  • Media Manipulation
Ghosts of the Past
  • The Ripple Effect
  • Cross-generational prejudice
  • Unresolved injustice
  • Collective shame
Social Neuroscience
  • Fairness
  • Punishment
  • Hierarchy 
  • Status and Stigma 
  • Rejection sensitivity
  • Neural correlates of perceived social status
  • Neural correlates of stigma
  • Comparing social and physical pain

How Hate Manifests

Every-Day Hate
  • Effects of social rejection
  • Peer rejection
  • Stereotyping and Caricature
  • Dehumanizing
  • Marginalizing
Prejudice and Racism
  • Development of Prejudice
  • Roots of Racial Attitudes
  • Social Psychology of Prejudice
  • Neuroscience of Prejudice 
  • Bigotry
  • Face Processing 
  • Ingroup/Outgroup Dynamics
  • Neural correlates of ingroup bias
  • Neurobiology of stereotyping
  • Aversive racism
  • Laissez-faire racism
  • Color-blind racism
  • Calculated racism
  • Unintentional racism
  • Old-fashioned racism
  • Symbolic racism
  • Affective race bias
  • Implicit and explicit racial attitudes
Abuse of Power 
  • Tyrants and Autocrats
  • Authoritarians
  • Social Dominance Orientation
  • Approaches to Punishment
  • Oppression
  • Cruelty on Mass Scale 
Group and Situational Influence
  •  Search for Belonging 
  • Social Cognition and Learning
  • Group Think
  • Ingroup vs Outgroup
  • Group Bias
  • Compliance
  • Obedience
  • Conformity
  • Collusion
  • Diffusion of Responsibility
  • Bystander Effect
  • Bandwagon Effect
  • Status and Stigma
  • Us and Them
Group Think
  • Perceived intergroup competition
  • Social identity theory 
  • Social judgment
  • Group-based social hierarchy
  • Group attribution error 
  • Deindividuation
  • Group polarization 
  • Ingroup bias
  • Outgroup homogeneity bias
  • False consensus effect
  • General Prevalence fallacy
  • Attitude polarization
  • Belief polarization
  • Integrative theory of intergroup conflict
  • Perceived group competition
  • Social comparison
  • Upward social comparison 
  • Downward social comparison
Social Defenses
  • Denial
  • Cognitive Dissonance
  • Rationalization
  • Justification
  • Projection
  • Compartmentalizing
  • Distancing
  • Minimization
  • System Justification
  • Attribution Fallacies
  • Terror Management
  • Defensive attribution hypothesis

Brain and Belief

Underlying Mechanisms

How We Fool Ourselves

Cognitive Biases and Brain Tricks 

Decision-making Biases
  • Anchoring
  • Choice-supportive bias
  • Normalcy bias
  • Outcome bias
  • Pseudocertainty effect
  • Irrational escalation
  • Denomination effect
  • Status quo bias
  • Loss aversion
  • Post-purchase rationalization
  • Endowment effect
  • Unit bias  
Probability biases
  • Gambler's fallacy
  • Frequency illusion
  • Base rate neglect
  • Conjunction fallacy
  • Subadditivity effect
  • Neglect of probability
  • Money illusion
  • Innumeracy
  • Contrast effect  
  • Zero-risk bias
  • Distinction bias
  • Well travelled road effect
Responses to Evidence
Memory Distortions
Memory Errors
  • List-length effect
  • Modality effect
  • Leveling and Sharpening
  • Lag effect
  • Telescoping effect
  • Von Restorff effect
  • Levels-of-processing effect
  • Part-list cueing effect
  • Picture superiority effect
  • Primacy effect
  • Suffix effect
  • Testing effect
Self-Deception
  • Meta-bias
  • Bias blind spot  
  • Dunning–Kruger effect
  • Introspection Illusion
  • Subjective validation
  • Self-serving bias
  • Egocentric bias
  • Overconfidence effect
  • Pessimism bias
  • Wishful thinking
  • Selective perception
  • Belief bias
  • Change bias
  • Hindsight bias
  • Illusion-of-truth effect
  • Choice-supportive bias
  • Impact bias
Attribution and Comparison
  • Actor–observer bias
  • Fundamental attribution error
  • Ultimate attribution error
  • Correspondent inference theory
  • Illusion of superiority
  • Illusion of asymmetric insight
  • Illusion of transparency
  • Social comparison bias  
  • Moral credential effect
  • Forer effect
  • Halo effect
  • Knobe effect
  • Just World Phenomenon
Belief Perseverance
  • Meaning Maintenance 
  • Feeling of knowing
  • Sense of Certainty
  • False Beliefs 
  • Illusion of explanatory depth
  • Motivated Reasoning
  • Motivated Skepticism
  • Prior Attitude Effect
  • Disconfirmation Bias
  • Attitude Polarization
  • Myside Bias
  • Ideo-attribution Effect
  • Persistent Influence of Misinformation
  • Continued Influence Effect
  • Mindset
  • Idée fixe
  • Monomania
  • Einstellung effect
  • Functional fixedness
  • Cognitive Capture
Perceptual Distortions
  • Apophenia
  • Pattern-seeking
  • Clustering illusion
  • Pareidolia
  • Inattentional blindness
  • Persistence of Vision
  • Blindsight
  • Consistency of Self
  • "Out-of-Body" Sensations
  • Sense of Presence
  • Migraine Auras
  • Agnosognosia
  • Depersonalization
  • Synesthesia
Deficits and Confabulation
  • Anosognosia 
  • Anosodiaphoria
  • Blindsight
  • Cotard's Syndrome
  • Capgras Syndrome
Illusions of Will and Agency
  • Illusion of control
  • Reactance
  • Restraint bias
Natural Egocentric Dispositions
  • Righteousness
  • Hypocrisy
  • Myopia
  • Illusion of infallibility
  • Oversimplification
  • Immediacy
  • Absurdity
  • Contradiction
  • Blindness
  • Hedonistic relevance

Overcoming Hate

Prevention

Child and Brain Development

Empathy, Compassion and Conscience
  • Roots and Development of empathy
  • Neural Substrates of Empathy
  • Altruism
  • Reciprocity
  • Compassion and Concern
  • Moral Decision-Making
  • Emotional Intelligence
  • Empathic Accuracy
  • Attunement
  • Moral cognition
  • Mirror neurons
  • Spindle cells
  • Generosity
  • Mutualism
  • Fairness
  • Affiliation

Education

Cross-Cultural Awareness
  • Cultural neuroscience
  • Mismeasuring "race"
  • Genotype and phenotype
  • Cross-cultural understanding
Building Reflective Minds
Enhancing Emotional and Social Skills

Media Awareness

Media and Persuasion
  • Agnotology
  • Framing effect
  • Hostile media effect
  • Hyperbolic discounting
  • Familiarity Backfire Effect
  • Overkill Backfire Effect
  • Worldview Backfire Effect 
  • Discrediting tactics 
  • Door-in-the-Face Technique

Intervention