Understanding and Overcoming Hate
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    • Index of All Topics
    • Index of All Links
    • Links to all slideshows
  • Understanding Hate
    • Introduction
    • What is Hate? >
      • Hate as an Emotion >
        • Papers: Hate as an Emotion
      • Hate as a Belief >
        • Papers: Hate as Belief
      • Hate as an Act >
        • Papers: Hate as an Act
      • Hate as a Policy >
        • Papers: Hate as Policy
    • The Roots of Hate >
      • Early Imprints >
        • When Needs are Not Met
        • Papers; Not Meeting Needs
      • What Are We Doing To Our Children? >
        • Children in Dire Circumstances
      • Effects of Trauma and Abuse >
        • Papers: Stress Effects
        • Papers: Trauma Abuse Effects
        • Links: Stress, Trauma Research
      • Causes and Effects of Bullying
      • Trauma, bigotry, violence linked
      • Authoritarian Upbringings >
        • Papers: Authoritarian Roots
        • Papers: SDO and Authoritarianism
      • Absolutism and Insularity >
        • Papers: Absolutism
      • Papers: Early Roots of Prejudice
      • Impaired Cognition >
        • Papers: Impaired Cognition
      • The Violent Brain >
        • Papers: Violent Brain
      • Roots of Violence and Cruelty >
        • Chart: Powderkeg Formula
        • Papers: Roots of Violence
        • Articles and Blog Posts
      • Ghosts of the Past >
        • Ripples of revenge
        • Papers: Ghosts of the Past
    • How Hate Manifests >
      • Chart
      • Everyday Hate >
        • Papers: Social Rejection
        • Papers: Bullying
      • Social Injustice and Discrimination >
        • Papers: Discrimination
        • Papers: Inequality
        • Articles: Inequality Effects
        • Articles: Cognitive Exhaustion
        • "White" Privilege
      • Stereotyping and Caricature >
        • Papers: Stereotyping
        • Stereotyping
      • Prejudice, Racism and Bigotry >
        • Articles and Blog Posts
        • Papers: Prejudice Racism
        • Papers: Skin color and face
        • Papers: InGroup Outgroup
        • Papers: Implicit Bias
        • Evolutionary Issues >
          • More blog posts
      • Dehumanizing >
        • Views about the outsider
        • Papers: Dehumanizing
      • Hate Crimes >
        • Papers: Hate Crimes
      • Hate Groups >
        • Links: Hate Groups Research
        • Papers and news: Hate Groups
      • Abuse of Power >
        • Papers: Abuse of Power
        • Evil Men: Tyrants, Dictators
        • Blogs and news
        • Articles: SDO and RWA
      • Xenophobia >
        • Papers: Xenophobia
      • Collective Rage >
        • Papers: Collective Violence
      • Extremism >
        • Papers: Terrorism
        • Papers: Extremism
      • Cruelty on Mass Scale >
        • Links
        • Papers: Cruelty on mass scale
    • Hate in the News >
      • News: Hate in America
      • News: Hate Trends Worldwide
      • Extremism: Current Trends: News
      • Authoritarianism Trends
    • Group Influence >
      • Search for Belonging >
        • Papers: Search for Belonging
      • Social Cognition and Learning >
        • Papers: Fairness
        • Papers: Social Cognition
      • Group Think >
        • Papers: Intergroup Dynamics
        • Papers: Group Think
      • Status and Stigma >
        • Papers: Status and Stigma
      • Conformity >
        • Papers: Conformity
      • Obedience and Compliance >
        • Papers: Obedience
      • Bystander Effect
    • Social Defenses >
      • Papers: Social Defenses
      • System Justification >
        • Papers: System Justification
      • Projection >
        • Papers: Projection
      • Denial >
        • Papers: Denial
        • Examples of Denial
        • Papers: Denialism
      • Attribution and Comparison >
        • Attribution Fallacies
        • Papers: Attribution
      • Cognitive Dissonance >
        • Papers: Cognitive Dissonance
    • Fanning the Flames >
      • Media and Persuasion
      • Papers: Persuasion
      • Papers: Indoctrination
      • Papers: Hate Speech
      • Papers: Attitude change
      • News: Cyberhate
      • Links
      • Media Effects in the News
      • Persuasion: Blog Posts and Articles
    • How We Fool Ourselves >
      • Mechanisms: Cognitive Biases and Heuristics >
        • Papers: Brain Tricks
        • Biases: Blogs and Articles
        • Biases organized
      • On Being Wrong
      • Probability and Decision-Making Biases >
        • Papers and articles
      • Memory Distortions >
        • Papers: Memory illusions
      • Perceptual Illusions >
        • Papers: Perceptual Illusions
        • Illusions: Blog Posts and Articles
      • Self-Deception >
        • Papers: Self-deception
      • Delusion, Confabulation >
        • Papers: Delusions
        • Papers: False Beliefs
      • Conspiracy Theories
      • Papers: Neural mechanisms mystical states
      • Brain and Spirituality: Articles
    • Brain and Belief >
      • What is a Belief? >
        • Papers: Belief Formation
        • Papers: Automaticity
      • Perception and Processing >
        • Papers: Perception
      • Salience and Tagging >
        • Papers: Salience
        • Papers: Essentialism
      • Creating Categories >
        • Papers: Categorizing
      • Cognitive Unconscious
      • Embodied Cognition >
        • Papers: Embodied Cognition
      • Emotion Cognition Interplay >
        • Papers
      • Creating a Story about the World >
        • Papers: Story Creation
      • Investing in Cherished Beliefs >
        • Papers
      • Identifying Self with Belief >
        • Papers
      • Search for Meaning >
        • Papers: Meaning
    • Search for Certainty >
      • Dogmatic Beliefs
      • Belief Perseverance
      • Papers: Feeling of Knowing
      • Papers: Rigid Dogmatic thinking
    • Index: All Biases, Distortions and Influences
  • Overcoming Hate
    • Overview of Topics
    • Introduction
    • Prevention >
      • Meeting Formative Needs of Children >
        • Papers: Child and Brain Development
        • Papers: nurturing, attachment bonding
        • Links: Development
      • Promoting Parental readiness >
        • Papers
        • Links: Helping Parents
      • Supporting Healthy Families >
        • Papers
      • Enhancing Resilience >
        • Papers
      • Cultivating Empathy and Conscience >
        • Roots of Morality
        • Empathic Imagination
        • Mirror Neurons
        • Empathy Programs
        • Links: Empathy
      • All papers: Morality and Empathy >
        • Papers: Roots of Morality and Conscience
        • Papers: Empathy Altruism Compassion
        • Articles, Posts: Empathy
        • Papers: Moral Decision-Making
        • Papers: Moral Cognition
        • Papers: Mirror Neurons
        • Articles: Prosocial Behavior
      • Long-Term Social Investment >
        • Papers
    • Education >
      • Enhancing Emotional and Social Skills >
        • Papers: Emotional Intelligence
        • Papers: Social Cooperation
        • Links: emotional development
      • Building Reflective Minds >
        • Critical Thinking >
          • Papers: Critical Thinking
        • Metacognition >
          • Papers: Metacognition
        • Perceiving Bias >
          • Papers: Perceiving Bias
        • Creative and Lateral Thinking >
          • Papers: Creative Thinking
        • Mindfulness >
          • Papers: Mindfulness
          • Blogs and articles
        • Interoception >
          • Papers: Interoception
        • Fluid and Flexible >
          • Papers: Fluid Intelligence
      • Cross-cultural Awareness >
        • Links: Cross-Cultural
        • Papers: Cultural Neuroscience
        • Articles: Cultural Awareness
      • Media Awareness >
        • Links
        • Papers
      • Teaching an Honest History >
        • Papers
        • Links: Honest History
      • Civic Engagement and Social Responsibility >
        • Papers
      • Ethics Training >
        • Papers
      • Whole Child Learning >
        • Papers
    • Intervention >
      • Social Support and Inclusion >
        • Papers: Social Support
      • Helping Children in Dire Conditions >
        • Papers: Helping children
      • Preventing Violence and Bullying >
        • Anti-bullying programs and resources
        • Helping At-Risk Kids
        • Papers on helping kids
      • Standing Up To Prejudice, Racism, and Bigotry >
        • Papers: Reducing Prejudice
        • Articles: Reducing Prejudice
        • Papers: Stopping hate crimes
        • Papers: Offsetting Extremism
        • Programs and Projects
        • Hatebraker Examples: News
      • Training Our Protectors >
        • Papers: Training Protectors
      • Healing the Hurt >
        • Papers: Healing Hurt
        • Articles and Blog Posts
      • Educating Our Leaders >
        • Papers: Educating Leaders
      • Resolving Conflict >
        • Papers: Resolving Conflict
        • Programs and articles
      • Israel-Palestine >
        • Papers: Israel-Palestine
        • News and blog posts
      • Promoting Dignity >
        • Links: Human Rights
        • Papers: Human Rights
      • Healing the Ghosts of the Past >
        • Papers: Reconciliation
      • Restorative Justice >
        • Papers: Restorative Justice
      • Confronting Mass Atrocities >
        • Papers: Confronting War Crimes
    • Social Advances >
      • Charters and Declarations
      • Slideshow: Social Advances
      • Links: social advances history
      • Timelines: Social Advances
    • More Solutions >
      • Classroom Tools
      • Organizations
      • Programs and Projects
      • Effective Models
  • Resources
    • Academic Papers: Topic Index
    • Background: Sciences Related to Hate >
      • Related Sciences of Hate
      • Social Psychology Subtopics
      • Brain and Life Sciences
      • New Research Tools
      • Links: Brain Mapping
      • Process of Science
      • What is Good Science?
      • Links: Understanding Science
      • Papers: About Good Science
    • Science Links
    • Timelines of Knowledge >
      • Index of all Pioneers
      • Timeline: Early Pioneers
      • Timeline: Group Psychology
      • Timeline: Prejudice
      • Timeline: Persuasion
      • Timeline: Social Psychology Pioneers
      • Timeline: Authoritarianism
      • Timeline: Scientific bias
    • Researchers and Experts >
      • Developmental Foundations
      • Moral Cognition, Empathy
      • Search for Meaning
      • Search for Belonging
      • Search for Certainty
      • Ghosts of the Past
      • Breaking Cycle of Hate: Solutions
    • Other Research and Studies >
      • Syllabi
      • Bibliographies
      • Our Syllabi
    • Recommendations >
      • Books: Topic Overview >
        • Development
        • Empathy, Morality
        • Brain and Belief
        • Tricks of Mind
        • Stress, Trauma, Violence
        • Prejudice, Racism, Stereotyping
        • Overcoming Prejudice, Racism
        • Historical Insight
        • Human Rights Abuses
        • Seminal Works
      • Journals and Magazines
      • Films and Videos
    • Timeline of Hate >
      • Links: Historical Injustice
      • History of Hate in America: articles
      • Index of Historical Injustice
  • Tools
    • Links: Games and Exercises
    • Self-Awareness Tools >
      • What Parents Can do
      • Learning about our Labels
    • Blog
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A sampling of essays, articles, studies and blog posts on issues related to dogmatism, bias, and the importance of being able to admit to being wrong and to look openly at disconfirming evidence
Related Books

Lingering Lies: The Persistent Influence of Misinformation
By Valerie Ross  
Scientific American Mind Blog
July 18, 2011
The brain holds on to false facts, even after they have been retracted

Wrong facts stick in memory 
Science Alert
University of Western Australia
July 07, 2011
Misinformation...continued to influence memory and reasoning.

Misinformation: Why it sticks and how to fix it
ScienceDaily (Sep. 19, 2012) — Childhood vaccines do not cause autism. Barack Obama was born in the United States. Global warming is confirmed by science. And yet, many people believe claims to the contrary.

How Long Will a Lie Last? New Study Finds That False Memories Linger for Years
Scientific American Blogs
By Kyle Hill | November 14, 2012


Diss Information: Is There a Way to Stop Popular Falsehoods from Morphing into "Facts"?
Scientific American
By Carrie Arnold
October 4, 2012
False information is pervasive and difficult to eradicate, but scientists are developing new strategies such as "de-biasing," a method that focuses on facts, to help spread the truth


What's So Wrong With Being Absolutely Right: 
The Dangerous Nature of Dogmatic Belief.
Interview with Judy J. Johnson, PhD
A psychology professor at Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta. Her ongoing research expands on her MSc thesis and PhD dissertation, both of which investigated the nature and measurement of dogmatism.  


Deep Down, We Can’t Fool Even Ourselves
By John Tierney
New York Times 
July 1, 2008


Higher Job Performance Linked to People Who Are More Honest and Humble
Science Daily
Mar. 1, 2011
The more honesty and humility an employee may have, the higher their job performance, as rated by the employees' supervisor. That's the new finding from a Baylor University study that found the honesty-humility personality trait was a unique predictor of job performance.


Are You Being Honest With Yourself?
March 7, 2012
by 
Ethan Siegel

How People Are Fooled by Evidence
Scientific American
Nov 22, 2011 
Rationality is the crowning achievement of our species. The ability to use evidence is true the cornerstone of science, medicine, and our legal 
..

Americans Choose Media Messages That Agree With Their Views
sciencedaily
May 29, 2009

Why Do People Believe Stupid Stuff, Even When They're Confronted With the Truth?
AlterNet / By David McRaney
June 26, 2011
The "backfire effect" helps explain how strange, ancient and kooky beliefs resist science, reason and reportage.

The Cognitive Science of Ignorance
Vlad Chituc
January 10, 2012

A letter to the TEDx community on TEDx and bad science
An email sent to the TEDx community regarding our view on bad science/pseudoscience talks at TEDx events.
TED Tries to Clean Up Its Act via Sandwalk (Laurence A. Moran) on 12/8/12

Speaking Science: Why People Don’t Hear What You Say
A lesson in communication from Scientific American
By Ingrid WickelgrenNovember 8, 2012


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The Power of Vigilant Doubt | In Their Own Words | Big Think
From bigthink.com - July 23, 2013 
By occupying or inspecting or exploring other views of the world you can potentially identify some of the blind spo


Wisdom of Ignorance: Knowing What You Don't Know
From www.theemotionmachine.com - September 21, 2013  
There's an important kind of wisdom in knowing what you don't know. Recognizing what you don't know actually puts you in a unique place of power.
The Science of Why We Don't Believe Science
By Chris Mooney
Mother Jones
May/June 2011 Issue
How our brains fool us on climate, creationism, and the vaccine-autism link.


I Was Wrong, and So Are You
The Atlantic
By Daniel B. Klein
December 2011
A libertarian economist retracts a swipe at the left—after discovering that our political leanings leave us more biased than we think.


Confirmation Bias in Everything
by Erik Kain
Forbes
Nov 8, 2011

Learning from your mistakes is all in the mind
The Telegraph
October 02, 2011
Some people are programmed to learn from their mistakes, while others give up trying when their intellgience is tested, a study found


Why I’ve Decided to Be Wrong More Often
Scott H. Young Blog

Everybody’s An Expert
By Louis Menand
The New Yorker
December 5, 2005
Putting predictions to the test.


Why Some People Say 'Sorry' Before Others
By Lauren F. Friedman  
Scientific American Mind Blog
November 28, 2011
Certain character traits influence people's willingness to apologize   


The Debunking Handbook
By John Cook and Stephan Lewandowsky   
November 2011 
Debunking myths is problematic. Unless great care is taken, any effort to debunk misinformation can inadvertently reinforce the very myths one seeks to correct. To avoid these “backfire effects”, an effective debunking requires three major elements.  First, the refutation must focus on core facts rather than the myth to avoid the misinformation becoming more familiar. Second, any mention of a myth should be preceded by explicit warnings to notify the reader that the upcoming information is false. Finally, the refutation should include an alternative explanation that accounts for important qualities in the original misinformation. 

debunking_handbook.pdf
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The "Illusion of Explanatory Depth": 
How Much Do We Know About What We Know?
Category: Cognitive Psychology
November 16, 2006 
by 
Chris

Illusion of Explanatory Depth
Ghostweather R&D Blog:
Jan 29, 2006 

The science of irrationality
Deric Bownds' MindBlog
Oct 19, 2011 

Some Political Views May be Related to Physiology
Sep 18, 2008 
National Science Foundation Press Release
New study reports physiological responses to disturbing images and sounds consistent with strong political beliefs Researcher John Hibbing reports links between physiology and political beliefs. 

View a video interview and podcast with researcher John Hibbing of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

No, you’re not entitled to your opinion
Patrick Stokes, Lecturer in Philosophy, Deakin University
The Conversation
5 October 2012


Training to De-Bias Teen Minds? - Neuroskeptic
From blogs.discovermagazine.com -September 4, 2013
Spanish psychologists Itxaso Barberia and colleagues discuss an ambitious new program to train teenagers to better understand causality: Implementation an

Psychologist discovers false descriptions easier to remember than false denials
From www.psypost.org - September 4, 2013
What happens when you tell a lie? Set aside your ethical concerns for a moment—after all, lying is a habit we practice with astonishing dexterity and frequency, whether we realize it or not.

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Well-Informed People Are Often Close-Minded: They Should Focus On Content, Not Character | Your Olive Branch News - yobo
From news.yourolivebranch.org - May 16, 2013 
A study shows the power of information presentation, knowledge, and most of all, individual bias when it comes to making informed decisions and forming political opinions.


Humility Key to Effective Leadership
Science Daily
December 8, 2011
Humble leaders are more effective and better liked, according to a study forthcoming in the 
Academy of Management Journal.

The neuropsychology of good leaders making dumb mistakes 
by Karlene M. Kerfoot
Nursing Economics
March-April, 2009
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Smart Leaders Are OK with Seeming Uncertain
From hbr.org - February 10, 2015
Though it may be particularly hard for leaders to embrace uncertainty after years of being taught to display confidence, there is a clear business benefit in doing so. Research has shown that over-confident CEOs make overly risky decisions, often at the expense of their shareholders. Leaders who are able to come to terms with uncertainty and communicate it to employees may avoid such bad decisions.


Creativity Requires Doubt, Blindness, and Mistakes
From feedproxy.google.com - June 23, 2013 
What's the Latest Development? 
While we often speak of falling into error and rising to the truth, German intellectual Albert Hirschman had a different idea.
Understanding brain performance: People who take Ritalin are far more aware of their mistakes
From www.sciencedaily.com - April 6, 2013 
Researchers have investigated how the brain monitors ongoing behavior for performance errors – specifically failures of impulse control. People who take Ritalin are far more aware of their mistakes, a new study has found.
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How your brain reacts to mistakes depends on your mindset
"Whether you think you can or think you can't -- you're right," said Henry Ford. A new study finds that people who think they can learn from their mistakes have a different brain reaction to mistakes than people who think intelligence is fixed.

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Neuroscience shows why not everyone learns from their mistakes
From medicalxpress.com - June 4, 2013 
Some people do not learn from their mistakes because of the way their brain works, according to research led by an academic at Goldsmiths, University of London.


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Some Learn From Mistakes, Others Don’t | Neuromarketing
From www.neurosciencemarketing.com - February 28, 2013 
In Managing by Mistakes, I wrote about the power of learning from mistakes. Some of the most successful individuals in different fields credit relentless focus on even small mistakes with their high achievement.


Science Needs Mistakes

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Saul Perlmutter: 'Science is about figuring out your mistakes'
From www.guardian.co.uk - July 9, 2013
The astrophysicist who discovered that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate tells Zoë Corbyn why he isn't afraid to fail

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Failure in real science is good – and different from phony controversies
From phys.org - February 10, 2015 
Last March, the BICEP2 collaboration announced that they had used a microwave telescope at the South Pole to detect primordial gravitational waves.

The importance of stupidity in scientific research
Martin A. Schwartz 
Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia
Journal of Cell Science 121, 1771. 2008 
doi:10.1242/jcs.033340 

stupidity_in_science_important.pdf
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Mistakes and Learning

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It’s a Mistake Not to Use Mistakes as Part of the Learning Process
From www.edutopia.org - November 8, 2014
“I recently heard a TED talk from Brian Goldman, a doctor who admits to having made mistakes.”

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Teacher's Guide to The Importance of Learning from Mistakes and Failures ~ Educational Technology and Mobile Learning
From www.educatorstechnology.com- August 13, 2013

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Making Mistakes: Why They’re Crucial for Learning
From blogs.kqed.org - August 26, 2013 
We try so hard to be perfect, to never make mistakes and to avoid failure at all costs. But mistakes happen — and when they do — how do we deal with being wrong? In this episode, TED speakers look at...